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Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)

Received: 4 March 2014     Accepted: 8 April 2014     Published: 10 April 2014
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Abstract

Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 3, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
Page(s) 59-63
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2014. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Iron, ClariasGariepinus, Toxicity, Groundwater, Suffocation, Acclimation, Fingerlings

References
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[9] World Fish Centre, Fish an issue for everyone: A concept paper for fish for all Summit, 2003, pp. 10.
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[11] E. I. Ohimain, T. C. N. Angaye and K. S. Okiongbo, Removal of Iron, Coliforms and Acidity from Ground Water obtained from Shallow Aquifer using Trickling Filter Method. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 2014, In Press.
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[13] A.N Amadi, P. I. Olasehinde, J. Yisa, E. A Okosun, H. O Nwakwoala, Y. B Alkali, (2012a) Geostatistical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Niger Delta, Nigeria, Geoscience, vol. 2, 2012, pp. 51-59.
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[15] S. Naz and M. Javed (2013) studies on the toxic effects of lead and nickel mixture on two Freshwater fishes, ctenopharyngodonidellaand Hypophthalmichthysmolitrix. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 2013, pp. 798-804.
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[25] O.E. Agbalagba, O.O. Agbalagba, C.P. Ononugo, A.A. Alao, Investigation intothe physicochemical properties and hydrochemical process of groundwater from commercial boreholes in YenagoaBayelsa State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology vol. 5, 2011, pp. 473-481.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. (2014). Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 3(2), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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    ACS Style

    Elijah Ige Ohimain; Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye; Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2014, 3(2), 59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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    AMA Style

    Elijah Ige Ohimain, Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye, Iniobong Reuben Inyang. Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus). Am J Environ Prot. 2014;3(2):59-63. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13,
      author = {Elijah Ige Ohimain and Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye and Iniobong Reuben Inyang},
      title = {Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {3},
      number = {2},
      pages = {59-63},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20140302.13},
      abstract = {Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.},
     year = {2014}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Toxicological Assessment of Groundwater Containing High Levels of Iron against Fresh Water Fish (Clarias Gariepinus)
    AU  - Elijah Ige Ohimain
    AU  - Tariwari Chidi Nathanson Angaye
    AU  - Iniobong Reuben Inyang
    Y1  - 2014/04/10
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    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    SP  - 59
    EP  - 63
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5699
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20140302.13
    AB  - Water is very essential to aquatic ecosystem. Groundwater is the recommended water source for aquaculture systems. Unfortunately, groundwater from Bayelsa State is characterized by high level of iron and acidic pH; which has become a major challenge to catfish farming. In order to assess the suitability of the water for aquaculture purpose, untreated groundwater samples were collected from 7 domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and total iron. Furthermore their toxicological values were assessed in a 96hour static non-renewal test. The iron level of the groundwater ranges from 5.119 - 11.131mg/l, with a corresponding pH in the range of 3.97-6.40. At 96hrs exposure, groundwater from BH4 induced 85% mortality for 20-day old fingerlings, 65% for 40 day-old fingerlings and 55% 60 day old fingerlings. The least amongst all toxicants screened (BH7) caused 35, 25 and 10% mortalities for 20, 40 and 60-day old fingerlings respectively. The positive control was lethal in less than 24 hours while the negative control was not lethal throughout the duration of the experiment. Based on the findings of this research it is recommended that groundwater of Bayelsa State should be properly treated prior to their use for aquaculture as well as constant monitoring of the physicochemical parameters of pond water.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  • Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  • Toxicology Research Group, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

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