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Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil

Received: 19 December 2014     Accepted: 27 December 2014     Published: 14 January 2015
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Abstract

Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%. Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 4, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
Page(s) 17-22
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chlorpyriphos, Ridomil, Pesticide Interaction, Toxicity, Germination, Root Nodule, Soybean

References
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Cite This Article
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    Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. (2015). Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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    ACS Style

    Ibiang Young Bassey; Ekanem Bassey Effiong; Usanga Daniel Archibong; Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2015, 4(1), 17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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    AMA Style

    Ibiang Young Bassey, Ekanem Bassey Effiong, Usanga Daniel Archibong, Williams Uduak Ita. Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil. Am J Environ Prot. 2015;4(1):17-22. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12,
      author = {Ibiang Young Bassey and Ekanem Bassey Effiong and Usanga Daniel Archibong and Williams Uduak Ita},
      title = {Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {4},
      number = {1},
      pages = {17-22},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20150401.12},
      abstract = {Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Germination and Root Nodule Formation of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Ridomil and Chlorpyriphos Treated Soil
    AU  - Ibiang Young Bassey
    AU  - Ekanem Bassey Effiong
    AU  - Usanga Daniel Archibong
    AU  - Williams Uduak Ita
    Y1  - 2015/01/14
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    SP  - 17
    EP  - 22
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5699
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20150401.12
    AB  - Germination and root nodule formation of soybean (Glycine max) was evaluated in soil treated with Ridomil (R), Chlorpyriphos (CH), and a Combination of both (COM); using a completely randomized design, and a 3×3 factorial arrangement. Factor 1 was the pesticide type with 3 levels - R, CH, and COM; while factor 2 was the contamination rate (v/wt) with 3 levels - 0% (control), 2%, and 4%. Aqueous pesticides preparations (as recommended by manufacturers) were applied once, before seeds were planted. More than Ridomil and Combination, significantly (P<0.05) diminished percentage germination due to Chlorpyriphos was observed at 2, 3, and 4 weeks post application. The control had significantly higher germination than 2% and 4% groups, up until the 5th week. The Chlorpyriphos and pesticide Combination groups both had significantly lower root nodule number/plant, than Ridomil. Root nodule number/plant, and nodule biomass/plant were significantly reduced due to pesticide stress at 2% and 4%.  Pesticides application at 2% and 4% negatively affected germination and root nodule formation; but there was no indication of an enhanced effect due to pesticides combination.
    VL  - 4
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria

  • Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Calabar, PMB 1115, Calabar, Nigeria

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