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Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands)

Received: 30 April 2022     Accepted: 6 June 2022     Published: 14 June 2022
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Abstract

Groundwater quality is a function of the enclosing aquifer materials and/or human influences. Therefore, frequent water quality surveillance is essential as the subsurface resource is a main source of water supply in Santchou, Cameroon Western Highlands. In order to carry out the inquiries, 24 groundwater samples were collected during the wet period (July 2020) as well as during the dry season (February 2021) from springs, a borehole and hand-dug wells. The water samples were tested in the field for pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity, while two separate water samples were obtained from each sampling point for chemical and bacteriological parameters in the laboratory. The main results revealed that the studied groundwater samples are weakly mineralised, with a slightly acidic pH. The major ionic constituents of the sampled sources were within acceptable limits prescribed by the World Health Organisation except for Mg2+ and Cl- that were noted in excess of the recommended values at some sites. Piper plot indicated that the water is essentially of Na-K-Cl-SO4 type while the Gibbs diagram showed that hydrochemistry was predominantly due to rock-weathering. SAR (sodium absorption ratio) values, Na % (sodium percentage) and TH (total hardness) revealed that the water is suitable for irrigational practices. Microbiological pollutants such as Enterobacteria, E. coli, Streptococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Vibrio spp and Staphylococcus spp were noticed in the water samples, and hence consumers’ health may be compromised if basic treatment methods like boiling and filtration are not performed before the water is used for drinking.

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 11, Issue 3)
DOI 10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12
Page(s) 62-73
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Groundwater Quality, Physicochemical, Santchou, Drinking Water Supply, Irrigation Water Quality

References
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    Magha Alice Mufur, Margaret Tita Awah, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh, Aduck Jovens Nyangang, Agien Gilbert Njei, et al. (2022). Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands). American Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(3), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12

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    Magha Alice Mufur; Margaret Tita Awah; Primus Azinwi Tamfuh; Aduck Jovens Nyangang; Agien Gilbert Njei, et al. Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands). Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2022, 11(3), 62-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12

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    AMA Style

    Magha Alice Mufur, Margaret Tita Awah, Primus Azinwi Tamfuh, Aduck Jovens Nyangang, Agien Gilbert Njei, et al. Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands). Am J Environ Prot. 2022;11(3):62-73. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12,
      author = {Magha Alice Mufur and Margaret Tita Awah and Primus Azinwi Tamfuh and Aduck Jovens Nyangang and Agien Gilbert Njei and Kamgang Kabeyene Veronique Beyela},
      title = {Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands)},
      journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
      volume = {11},
      number = {3},
      pages = {62-73},
      doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20221103.12},
      abstract = {Groundwater quality is a function of the enclosing aquifer materials and/or human influences. Therefore, frequent water quality surveillance is essential as the subsurface resource is a main source of water supply in Santchou, Cameroon Western Highlands. In order to carry out the inquiries, 24 groundwater samples were collected during the wet period (July 2020) as well as during the dry season (February 2021) from springs, a borehole and hand-dug wells. The water samples were tested in the field for pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity, while two separate water samples were obtained from each sampling point for chemical and bacteriological parameters in the laboratory. The main results revealed that the studied groundwater samples are weakly mineralised, with a slightly acidic pH. The major ionic constituents of the sampled sources were within acceptable limits prescribed by the World Health Organisation except for Mg2+ and Cl- that were noted in excess of the recommended values at some sites. Piper plot indicated that the water is essentially of Na-K-Cl-SO4 type while the Gibbs diagram showed that hydrochemistry was predominantly due to rock-weathering. SAR (sodium absorption ratio) values, Na % (sodium percentage) and TH (total hardness) revealed that the water is suitable for irrigational practices. Microbiological pollutants such as Enterobacteria, E. coli, Streptococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Vibrio spp and Staphylococcus spp were noticed in the water samples, and hence consumers’ health may be compromised if basic treatment methods like boiling and filtration are not performed before the water is used for drinking.},
     year = {2022}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Characterization of Groundwater for Domestic and Irrigation Purposes in Santchou (Cameroon Western Highlands)
    AU  - Magha Alice Mufur
    AU  - Margaret Tita Awah
    AU  - Primus Azinwi Tamfuh
    AU  - Aduck Jovens Nyangang
    AU  - Agien Gilbert Njei
    AU  - Kamgang Kabeyene Veronique Beyela
    Y1  - 2022/06/14
    PY  - 2022
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12
    DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12
    T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
    SP  - 62
    EP  - 73
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-5699
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221103.12
    AB  - Groundwater quality is a function of the enclosing aquifer materials and/or human influences. Therefore, frequent water quality surveillance is essential as the subsurface resource is a main source of water supply in Santchou, Cameroon Western Highlands. In order to carry out the inquiries, 24 groundwater samples were collected during the wet period (July 2020) as well as during the dry season (February 2021) from springs, a borehole and hand-dug wells. The water samples were tested in the field for pH, electrical conductivity and turbidity, while two separate water samples were obtained from each sampling point for chemical and bacteriological parameters in the laboratory. The main results revealed that the studied groundwater samples are weakly mineralised, with a slightly acidic pH. The major ionic constituents of the sampled sources were within acceptable limits prescribed by the World Health Organisation except for Mg2+ and Cl- that were noted in excess of the recommended values at some sites. Piper plot indicated that the water is essentially of Na-K-Cl-SO4 type while the Gibbs diagram showed that hydrochemistry was predominantly due to rock-weathering. SAR (sodium absorption ratio) values, Na % (sodium percentage) and TH (total hardness) revealed that the water is suitable for irrigational practices. Microbiological pollutants such as Enterobacteria, E. coli, Streptococcus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Vibrio spp and Staphylococcus spp were noticed in the water samples, and hence consumers’ health may be compromised if basic treatment methods like boiling and filtration are not performed before the water is used for drinking.
    VL  - 11
    IS  - 3
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Department of Geology, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, Bambili-Bamenda, Cameroon

  • Department of Biology, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, Bambili-Bamenda, Cameroon

  • Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon

  • Deparment of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, College of Technology, The University of Bamenda, Bambili-Bamenda, Cameroon

  • Department of Geology, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, Bambili-Bamenda, Cameroon

  • Department of Earth Sciences, Ecole Normale Supéreiure Bertoua, University of Ngoundére, Bertoua, Cameroon

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